Auxiliary Strategies for Water Management in Industries: Minimization of Water Use and Possibility of Recycling and/or Reuse of Effluent

Water management in industry by minimizing water consumption and effluent generation, reusing and/or recycling as a possibility the economy and conservation of water, energy and economic resources. The characterization of the final effluent allows evaluating how much the treatment is adequate to meet the requirements of the regulations of different countries for recycling and/or reuse and evaluated the possibility of reuse, as well as the choice of effluent treatment methods. In this case, technical, environmental and economic criteria, with a view to complying with industrial reuse regulations, should be evaluated, and a multicriteria analysis (MCA) can be adopted to classify the treatment systems applied in different reuse scenarios, made possible by the combination of multiple processes, with the use of tertiary treatment techniques. It should be noted that the potential for recycling and/or reuse of effluents generated in industry increases when effluents are separated into groups (principle of segregation of effluent streams). As a way of promoting a more sustainable model, the use of reuse systems is promising to reduce consumption, as well as reducing operating costs when treating effluents

Proposta de Regulação para classificação de Fundos de Investimento sob a temática ASG / ESG (Ambiental, Social e Governança)

A presente proposta contempla a regulação de regras e critérios para que os Gestores de Ativos de Terceiros possam atribuir a classificação “ASG ou ESG” para Fundos de Investimento. Sequencialmente, serão apresentadas informações contextuais, o cenário atual e as justificativas que embasam a proposta de regulação do tema, denotando a crescente relevância do assunto para investidores e gestores de ativos no Brasil

Agricultural answers and chemical composition of Massai grass under different nitrogen doses and urea sources

Under the hypothesis that modifying nitrogen sources and doses could increase nitrogen fertilization efficiency and productivity and improve forage quality, this study aimed to evaluate the morphological composition, structural characteristics and chemical composition of Panicum maximum cv. Massai forage cultivated under different urea sources (common and coated with Policote®) and nitrogen doses (200, 400 and 600 kg ha-1 year-1) during the autumn, winter and spring of 2014 and the summer and autumn of 2015. The experiment was carried out in Seropédica, RJ, under a randomized complete block design in a factorial arrangement (3x2) + 1 with four replications. High nitrogen rates promoted higher percentages of leaf blade dry mass and lower percentages of dead material dry mass in the forage mass and provided higher tiller population density and forage accumulation rate of Massai grass during the studied seasons. The use of coated urea promoted higher levels of crude protein in the forage than did the use of common urea in all seasons. The intensification of nitrogen fertilization reduced the nitrogen use efficiency but benefitted the structural characteristics, forage accumulation and chemical composition of Massai grass forage. The use of coated urea promoted greater of nitrogen use efficiency during all seasons of the year

Contribution of mixing to upward transport across the tropical tropopause layer (TTL)

During the second part of the TROCCINOX campaign that took place in Brazil in early 2005, chemical species were measured on-board the high-altitude research aircraft Geophysica (ozone, water vapor, NO, NOy, CH4 and CO) in the altitude range up to 20 km (or up to 450 K potential temperature), i.e. spanning the entire TTL region roughly extending between 350 and 420 K. Here, analysis of transport across the TTL is performed using a new version of the Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS). In this new version, the stratospheric model has been extended to the earth surface. Above the tropopause, the isentropic and cross-isentropic advection in CLaMS is driven by meteorological analysis winds and heating/cooling rates derived from a radiation calculation. Below the tropopause, the model smoothly transforms from the isentropic to the hybrid-pressure coordinate and, in this way, takes into account the effect of large-scale convective transport as implemented in the vertical wind of the meteorological analysis. As in previous CLaMS simulations, the irreversible transport, i.e. mixing, is controlled by the local horizontal strain and vertical shear rates. Stratospheric and tropospheric signatures in the TTL can be seen both in the observations and in the model. The composition of air above ≈350 K is mainly controlled by mixing on a time scale of weeks or even months. Based on CLaMS transport studies where mixing can be completely switched off, we deduce that vertical mixing, mainly driven by the vertical shear in the tropical flanks of the subtropical jets and, to some extent, in the the outflow regions of the large-scale convection, offers an explanation for the upward transport of trace species from the main convective outflow at around 350 K up to the tropical tropopause around 380 K

EXPOENTE SOBRE A PRÁTICA DE CESARIANAS NO BRASIL

Objetivo: Avaliar a incidência de partos cesáreos no território brasileiro entre 2014 e 2018 segundo sua classificação de acordo com os grupos de Robson e o impacto desses valores na saúde pública atual. Método: Trata-se de um estudo secundário realizado a partir da análise de dados do Departamento de Informação e Análise Epidemiológica da Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, com dados do Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos (SINASC). Resultados: Ao longo do período analisado, a proporção de nascidos para cada Grupo de Robson permaneceu sem grandes alterações, no contexto nacional, sendo que o grupo 5 apresentou maior percentual total e de aumento em relação às taxas de cesariana. O Brasil realiza anualmente 55,99% dos seus partos por via cirúrgica, apesar da recomendação da Organização Mundial de Saúde, de 15%. Conclusão: Se isso é proveniente de uma escolha pessoal das mulheres ou por recomendação obstétrica, não se sabe; porém, a identificação desse padrão é essencial para a conduta de orientação quanto ao parto de mulheres nulíparas. Palavras-chave: Parto; Cesárea; Saúde Pública.Objective: To evaluate the incidence of cesarean deliveries in Brazilian territory between 2014 and 2018 according to their classification according to the Robson’s groups and the impact of these values ​​on current public health. Method: This is a secondary study based on data from the Department of Information and Epidemiological Analysis of the Secretariat of Health Surveillance, with data from the Information System on Live Births (SINASC). Results: During the analyzed period, the proportion of infants born to each Robson Group remained unchanged in the national context, with group 5 presenting a higher total percentage and an increase in relation to cesarean rates. Brazil annually accounts for 55.99% of its deliveries surgically, despite the World Health Organization's recommendation of 15%. Conclusion: If this comes from a personal choice of women or by obstetric recommendation, it is not known; however, the identification of this pattern is essential for guiding the delivery of nulliparous women. Key-words: Parturition; Cesarean Section; Public Health

Contribution of mixing to the upward transport across the TTL

During the second part of the TROCCINOX campaign that took place in Brazil in early 2005, chemical species were measured on-board of the high altitude research aircraft Geophysica (ozone, water vapor, NO, NOy, CH4 and CO) in the altitude range up to 20 km (or up to 450 K potential temperature), i.e. spanning the TTL region roughly extending between 350 and 420 K. Analysis of transport across TTL is performed using a new version of the Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS). In this new version, the stratospheric model has been extended to the earth surface. Above the tropopause, the isentropic and cross-isentropic advection in CLaMS is driven by ECMWF winds and heating/cooling rates derived from a radiation calculation. Below the tropopause the model smoothly transforms from the isentropic to hybrid-pressure coordinate and, in this way, takes into account the effect of large-scale convective transport as implemented in the ECMWF vertical wind. As with other CLaMS simulations, the irreversible transport, i.e. mixing, is controlled by the local horizontal strain and vertical shear rates. Stratospheric and tropospheric signatures in the TTL can be seen both in the observation and in the model. The composition of air above ≈350 K is mainly controlled by mixing on a time scale of weeks or even months. Based on CLaMS transport studies where mixing can be completely switched off, we deduce that vertical mixing, mainly driven by the vertical shear in the outflow regions of the large-scale convection and in the vicinity of the subtropical jets, is necessary to understand the upward transport of the tropospheric air from the main convective outflow around 350 K up to the tropical tropopause around 380 K. This mechanism is most effective if the outflow of the mesoscale convective systems interacts with the subtropical jets

Contribution of mixing to the upward transport across the TTL

During the second part of the TROCCINOX campaign that took place in Brazil in early 2005, chemical species were measured on-board of the high altitude research aircraft Geophysica (ozone, water vapor, NO, NOy, CH4 and CO) in the altitude range up to 20 km (or up to 450 K potential temperature), i.e. spanning the TTL region roughly extending between 350 and 420 K. Analysis of transport across TTL is performed using a new version of the Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS). In this new version, the stratospheric model has been extended to the earth surface. Above the tropopause, the isentropic and cross-isentropic advection in CLaMS is driven by ECMWF winds and heating/cooling rates derived from a radiation calculation. Below the tropopause the model smoothly transforms from the isentropic to hybrid-pressure coordinate and, in this way, takes into account the effect of large-scale convective transport as implemented in the ECMWF vertical wind. As with other CLaMS simulations, the irreversible transport, i.e. mixing, is controlled by the local horizontal strain and vertical shear rates. Stratospheric and tropospheric signatures in the TTL can be seen both in the observation and in the model. The composition of air above ≈350 K is mainly controlled by mixing on a time scale of weeks or even months. Based on CLaMS transport studies where mixing can be completely switched off, we deduce that vertical mixing, mainly driven by the vertical shear in the outflow regions of the large-scale convection and in the vicinity of the subtropical jets, is necessary to understand the upward transport of the tropospheric air from the main convective outflow around 350 K up to the tropical tropopause around 380 K. This mechanism is most effective if the outflow of the mesoscale convective systems interacts with the subtropical jets

Eficiencia de la urea con inhibidores de ureasa y nitrificación en la producción de forraje de pasto bermuda

The adoption of strategies aimed at a more efficient use of nitrogen (N) and ontaining hig yields are important to satisfy the demand for food for animals and humans. The Tifton 85 Bermuda grass (Cynodon spp.) is a crop with high productive potential and may be used to create hay, but its culture requires elevated doses of nitrogen. In this sense, the objective of this experiment was to evaluate, in field conditions, the growth and production of Tifton 85 Bermuda grass according to nitrogen doses with urea containing urease and nitrification inhibitors for two agricultural years — eight cycles of forage growth. The treatments were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three repetitions in a 3x5 factorial scheme. Treatments were: I) urea; II) urea + triamide N-(n-Butyl) thophosphoric (NBPT) urease inhibitor; and III) urea + nitrification inhibitor 3,4-Dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) with N rates (0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 kg ha-1 of N) applied after each growth period. Then, the study proceeded to estimate forage dry mass and N concentrations in dry mass for each of the growth cycles and their sum, as well as the apparent N recovery. N critical levels were set when relative production reached 90%. The use of urease (NBPT) or nitrification (DMPP) inhibitors did not improve the efficiency of urea regarding growth and production of Tifton 85 Bermuda grass. The appropriate dose of nitrogen for Tifton 85 Bermuda grass in a hay production system is 40 kg per ton of dry mass produced in each growth period.La adopción de estrategias destinadas a un uso más eficiente del nitrógeno (N) y la obtención de altos rendimientos son importantes para satisfacer la demanda de alimentos para los animales y seres humanos. El pasto bermuda Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp.) es un cultivo con un alto potencial productivo, que puede utilizarse para la producción de heno, pero es un cultivo que requiere  altas dosis de N. En este sentido, el objetivo de este experimento fue evaluar en condiciones de campo, el crecimiento y la producción del pasto bermuda Tifton 85 en función de las dosis de nitrógeno con urea que contiene ureasa e inhibidor de la nitrificación durante dos años agrícolas, totalizando ocho ciclos de crecimiento de forraje. Los tratamientos fueron evaluados en un diseño de bloques completos al azar con tres repeticiones en un esquema factorial de 3 x 5. Los tratamientos consistiéron en: I) urea; II) urea + triamida N-(n-butil)tiofosfórica (NBPT), inhibidor de la ureasa  y III) urea + inhibidor de la nitrificación (DMPP - 3,4-dimetilpirazol fosfato) y dosis de N (0, 40, 80, 120 y 160 kg ha-1 de N aplicado después de cada período de crecimiento). Posteriormente, se estimo la mass seca de forraje y las concentraciones de N en masa seca (para cada ciclo de crecimiento y suma de los ciclos de crecimiento), así como la recuperación aparente de N. El nivel crítico de N se estableció cuando la producción relativa fue del 90%. El uso del inhibidor de la ureasa (NBPT) o la nitrificación (DMPP) no mejoró la eficiencia de la urea con respecto al crecimiento y la producción de pasto bermuda Tifton 85. La dosis adecuada de nitrógeno para el Tifton 85 en un sistema de producción de heno es de 40 kg por tonelada de masa seca producida en cada período de crecimiento

Seleção de Culturantes por dois tipos de metacontingências

Metacontingência do tipo 1 descreve relações condicionais entre culturantes – contingências comportamentais entrelaçadas (CCEs), consequência individual (CI), e produto agregado (PA) – e consequências culturais (CC). O tipo 2 envolve programações nas quais CC selecionam tanto respostas quanto culturantes. Portanto, não há CI. Este estudo verificou se a programação de diferentes tipos de metacontingências produziria diferentes padrões de respostas ou culturantes. Participaram duas tríades de universitários. Na condição A vigoraram metacontingências do tipo 1. Na condição B, metacontingências do tipo 2.  A Tríade 1 foi exposta ao delineamento ABAB. Já a Tríade 2 ao delineamento BABA. Na condição A, participantes emitiram respostas e engajaram em culturantes que produziam consequências. Na condição B houve queda na frequência de respostas e manutenção dos culturantes. Conclui-se que a programação de diferentes tipos de metacontingências produz diferentes efeitos sobre comportamentos. Não foram observados efeitos de ordem de exposição as condições. Discute-se ainda a interação entre operantes e culturantes tanto na aquisição quanto na manutenção do comportamento em grupo.